Features of Employment Relations Systems and their Impact on the Essay

Features of Employment Relations Systems and their Impact on the Position of Women in Labour Markets - Essay Example Reduced levels of unemployment indicated that few households lacked a working adult. During this period, most of those working in different institutions were high school drop-outs with an estimated one third of the total population of the United Kingdom working in the manufacturing and agricultural industries. However, the 21st century has seen none of the above features in still existence in many economies across the globe. Most, if not all jobs are now evenly distributed across all genders with a host of households in each country having more than one member in the labour force. On the contrary, the steady rise in unemployment rates is an indicator that there are a number of families in which no member is employed or has a definite job. An increase in education and improved formal structures for learning has seen a rise in the number of high school graduates and college/university graduates as well; hence an increased mass of human resources available to the market. In addition, th e emergence of other fields and or industries, for instance, finance, business services as well as property management, building and construction services has resulted in the creation of more stable jobs than the manufacturing and agricultural sector could provide. ... The Employment Relationship An employee relations system can be referred to as a legal concept used by organizations and or institutions in different countries worldwide to refer to the relationship between an employer and their employees for whom the employees perform certain activities (work) under defined procedures and conditions but in return for salary and or wages. Employee relations help the employer and the employee to come up or develop obligations and rights to govern the performance of both the employee and the employer towards the success of their respective organizations and or institutions. Over period, this tool has acted as a medium through which employees gain access to various benefits, obligations and rights that are related to employment with respect to social security and laws of labour. According to Verma (2003), â€Å"an employee relations system is the key point of reference for determining the nature and extent of employers’ rights and obligations to wards their employees.† (p. 519). Today, intense changes are taking place in the contemporary world of work with particular concern on the labour market. These changes have led to subsequent emergence of new types or rather forms of employment relationships. As a result, market flexibility has been increased as well as an increase in the number of employees uncertain of their status of employment and thus falling out of the normal protection scope of employment relationships. This is a challenge that is described by the International Labour Office’s Director as follows: â€Å"The State has a key role to play in creating an enabling institutional framework to balance the need for flexibility for enterprises and security for workers in meeting the changing demands of a global economy. At

Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay Example for Free

Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain Essay â€Å"A pure natural friendship uncorrupted by social prejudice† In light if this comment discuss the relationship of Huck and Jim. Huckleberry Finn is a novel of the pastoral genre written by Mark Twain in 1885, a time when slavery was rampant. The novel follows the journey of the protagonist, a white boy named Huck Finn who coincidently begins a journey with a run-away slave Jim, filled with trials and tribulations. Although this may be a coincident the pair slowly form a relationship described as a friendship and others even go to the extent of describing it as father-son relationship. One of the many ways in which the friendship can be viewed is the fact that it is a pure and natural friendship as shown by Huck who claims he wouldn’t want to be â€Å"nowhere else but here† hence displaying the satisfaction and content he feels with the situation of being friends. However other aspects of the novel allow the reader to describe the friendship as corrupt rather than pure due to the way in which Huck refers to Jim by the use of the term â€Å"nigger†, an offensive term used by society to belittle black people. One of the central issues outlined by Twain in the novel is â€Å"Racism†. White people believed that they were superior and combined with superstition believed that black people were evil as a result black people were given very little rights. Huck holds these similar values which are presented when he refers to Jim as a â€Å"nigger† numerous times. In addition, the way in which Huck’s attitude and behaviour presented, consist of various elements of prejudice in which Huck feels he is far more intelligent and superior than Jim. Huck says â€Å"you can’t learn a nigger to argue.† The use of irony allows the reader to understand the view that white people held and how foolish the view was because in reality the argument presented by Jim in the first place is indeed stronger however due to society’s corrupt views Huck is influenced therefore he is unable to recognise the fact that Jim has a strong argument. Look more:  satire in huckleberry finn essay However, it has to be considered that Huck is still a young boy who has been brought up by the society which holds the view that white people a superior consequently, Huck has been socialised to act the way he is and referring to Jim as a â€Å"nigger† may just be the norm and not at all used in a criticising manner. Although Huck takes time to accept Jim, Twain constantly shows how Jim encourages the friendship and praises Huck by referring to him as a â€Å"de ole true Huck; the only white gentlemen.† Although Huck is a boy Jim refers to him as a gentleman, a description which increases Huck’s confidence and displays a relationship developing between the two. The fact that Jim is encouraging the friendship shows how he is emerging from society’s conventions as the norm would be to indeed act like a slave and not even considering pursuing any other sort of relationship apart from the known slave-master relationship. Huck’s attitude towards Jim is v ery similar to Pap’s. At the beginning of the novel Pap says â€Å"why looky here there’s a free nigger from Ohio- a mulatter, must as white as a white man† Pap refers to Jim as though he is an object of very low status or a meaningless object rather than actual human being. He considers himself to be of a very high status despite his drunkard and abusive nature. The way in which Twain represents Hucks tone of voice and attitude displays how he holds a similar ideology of the fact that white people are superior. He says â€Å"it was fifteen minutes before I could work myself up to go humble myself to a nigger† his tone of voice signifies his disappointment and half-heartedness in accepting the fact that he was wrong. He refers to Jim as â€Å"a nigger† which in itself shows how he feels regarding Jim. He refers to Jim as though he is an inanimate object who has no feelings and to be â€Å"humble† towards a nigger was a disgrace hence displaying the social prejudice that existed between the pair. However, due to the bildungsroman form of the novel, Huck undergoes a not just a physical journey but also a psychological journey in which he learns the true importance of friendship. Throughout the novel Huck is constantly facing an internal struggle another important focus of the novel. He is struggling to make a decision regarding Jim. Should he hand Jim over or go against societies conventions and protect and help his new friend. In the climax of the novel Huck is finally forced to make a choice and has to â€Å"decide, forever† and in the end decides to go against societies views of social prejudice and the extent of the decision he made is presented through his inner thoughts and ironically he feels that he will be shunned by his community accepts the fact that he’ll â€Å"go to hell† just for protecting Jim and accepting Jim as his friend. The catalyst for Huck’s decision was the sale of Jim back into slavery and as a result Hucks internal struggle finally meets an end and his search for his conscience ends therefore allowing the reader to understand that although their relationship may not have started out as a pure natural friendship, through the various adventures they faced finally come to an end. His decision to recognise Jim’s humanity is not shared by the rest of society. In conclusion, the relationship of Huck and Jim can be described as not an entirely pure natural friendship uncorrupted by society prejudices as Huck takes a physical and psychological journey consisting of many events all adding up to one big adventure that allows him to gain insight on the true meaning of friendship and loyalty.

Impact of Social and Sexual Changes on Art

Impact of Social and Sexual Changes on Art Hair has traditionally been cited as a discernibly female expression of sexuality and beauty, an aesthetic composition that exacerbates a womans ability to attract members of the opposite sex while acting as a visual demarcation line between the male female divides. Conversely, the fact that men often begin to lose their hair during the middle stages of their life adds further mystique to the power of female hair in popular western culture. Like her sexuality, a womans hair is unrelenting burning bright like the female passion that has so unsettled male artists for centuries. Symbolically, the difference between male and female hair has been ephemeral versus eternal; short lived as opposed to everlasting, a fantasy constructed entirely in tandem with a lack of knowledge or even interest in female sexuality within intellectual and artistic circles in the past. The notion of female hair working together with her sexuality as a tool to make a mockery of men was first cemented artistically during the ancient era, where Greek mythologys most famous exponent of the power of seduction of female hair, the Gorgon Medusa, stands as a warning to all men: to beware the hidden power of a beautiful woman. The punishment inflicted upon Medusa by the Goddess Athena because of her famous beauty and charm was to transform her sensual hair into a nest of snakes: for mortal man to even look at her would cast him, quite literally, into stone. With such a powerful, traditional starting point, it is little wonder that the issue of women, hair, art and society would continue along a broadly similar pattern for so many years, where stereotypically beautiful women were seen by men as constituting the front line of the ongoing cultural and sexual war – an object to be simultaneously admired and feared. However, according to James Kirwan (1999:73), it is not female sexuality which is destructive but rather male desire for that beauty. â€Å"The passion of the lover is not extinguished by the sight or touch of any body, for what he truly desires and unknowingly suffers is the splendour of God shining through the body. It is a desire like that of Narcissus that can never be satisfied.† Within the specifically subjective realms of art and visual art, female hair has a long history of conforming to the accepted image of the compliant, recipient woman due to the pervasive, dominant nature of men in art and society. Until the second half of the twentieth century women had become so accustomed to viewing their world through the eyes of men that they had lost sight of the individuality of women as a separate gender and as singular, autonomous human beings. Yet after the 1960s, visual art and aesthetics became increasingly interested in the views of the first wave of feminism, continuing along more radical, left wing lines with the introduction of the second wave during the 1970s. Women were embraced within the artistic community and encouraged to vent and express their sentiments regarding the suppression of the feminine in popular culture. As feminist critic Lucy Lippard (1980:352) details, the true power of feminist art was, logically, in the polar opposite image that it portrayed of modern societys creative achievements. â€Å"Feminist method and theories have instead offered a socially concerned alternative to the increasingly mechanised evolution of art about art. The 1970s might not have been pluralist at all if women had not emerged during the decade to introduce the multi coloured threads of female experience into the male fabric of modern art.† Moreover, women began to change their appearance for the first time in direct protest at the shackles of uniformity that male society had put upon them and hair was at the centre of the re moulding of the image of femininity in the West. The more radical, younger women changed their clothes, re adapted their attitudes and cut their hair in line with the more liberal males of the period who did likewise and grew their hair as a signal of their refusal to conform. The dissertation aims to examine how traditional social and sexual mores have changed in recent times in order to detail what this means for the visual artistic community, in particular the consequences for female artists in the wake of post modernity. In light of the obvious split in feminist art and culture that has been witnessed since the sixties, the dissertation will necessarily be divided into four main sections. The first chapter will provide an analysis and definition of the broader socio political framework of contemporary female sexuality so as to provide a better understanding of the power of feminine symbolism in a male dominated culture. The second chapter will look at the history of female hair and portrayals of female sexuality over the broader history of art; the third chapter examines modern visual art and culture paying particular attention to the use of hair as a medium for communicating with the spectator. The fourth chapter will analyse outsider arts views of female sexuality and hair, as defined by technology and race respectively. A conclusion will be sought only after taking into account each of the above headings as well as the necessary citations that must be employed to back up theory with example along the way. Contemporary Female Sexuality in Post Modern Society Female subversion in cultural affairs has led to womans alienation in the creative world with the result that her sexuality has only very recently been considered important enough to be the inspiration behind a growing body of academic literature. While feminism in the 1970s saw to it that gay women were represented in culture and art as much as heterosexual women, the movement of lesbians into the avant garde community only served to act as a dividing line between straight and gay women whereby many heterosexual female artists were seen as traitors to their own sex. Recent popular works of art and literature have sought to re introduce complexity into an area where theories about the nature of sexual liberty, manufactured largely by men, had become overtly simplistic. The most extreme exponent of the contemporary debate about female sexuality comes from Paris Curator for Conceptual Art, Catherine Millet and her 2002 memoirs, The Sexual Life of Catherine M. In an interview with The Observer (2002:13) newspaper, the French art critic notes that: â€Å"Sexual mores have evolved recently; nevertheless some sexual practices are only tolerated if they are kept hidden. I look forward to a democratisation of sexuality where anyone can reveal their true nature without suffering socially.† Women in Western society have become more independent, assertive and culturally aggressive during the past twenty five years so that female sexuality, in 2005, although still a topic in transition, is a force to be reckoned with inside of the male corridors of artistic influence. Yet contemporary feminist art is an amalgamation and result of the prejudices and taboos that went before it; it is, therefore a symptom of post modernity the culture that defines itself as the generation after the initial social liberation of the sixties implicitly and intrinsically linked to both gender and sexuality. As Christopher Reed (1997:276) implies, feminism was the catalyst for the widespread disassociation that is at the root of post modern radicals ground breaking view of sexuality. â€Å"From the outset, postmodernism dislodged the wedge that mainstream modernism had driven between art and life†¦ feminists, in particular, questioned the way the anti authoritarian rhetoric of postmodernism seemed to become itself a form of cultural authority.† However, although it is true that women play a far more integral role than they did barley two or three generations beforehand, modernity has not constituted a complete break with the past. Modern art, as a direct relation of post-modern society, remains a sphere still largely controlled by men. What it has done is to ask questions where previously only traditional lines of argument were sought. In this way it can viewed as a series of separate branches that emanated from the same initial tree – creating seedlings of avant garde, abstract art, conceptual art, minimalist art and pop art to name but the most famous few. The sum of the legacy of the schism that occurred in society after the residue of the minor cultural revolution of the sixties had settled was a general approval of art as inversion: that what was previously long was short, that what was previously deemed as beautiful was altered until it became ugly – until, paradoxically, it was ultimately seen as beautiful once again. According to Donald Kuspit (artnet.com; first viewed 13 September 2005), modern and post modern art is obsessed with perverse images of sexuality as a source of constantly finding ways to push the barriers of societys rigid attitude towards sexuality and the physical form. â€Å"The treatment of (the body) as the be all and end all of existence, and the only thing at stake in a relationship is the source of modern arts perversion. It extends to a preoccupation with the body of the work of the art itself, which also becomes the object of perverse formal acts.† Postmodernism, therefore, implies rapidly increasing parity between men and women in all spheres of western culture best viewed in the sense of a blurring of the traditional boundaries of sexuality as opposed to a complete merger. At this point it should be noted that, in the same way that it was white males that dominated western art, so the feminists who influenced the first stages of avant garde art were predominantly white, educated and middle to upper class. The issue of race and religion is equally as significant in the discussion of feminism as it is within an analysis of society at large; cliques and hierarchies are a necessary by product of modern civilisation and their presence (and influence) should come as no surprise to basic students of sociology. Hair, every bit as much as skin colour, is a visible dividing line between the races and in the West the image of the Caucasian variety of female hair as a symbol of womens sexuality has resulted in a womans movement that is f ractured and splintered, more so given the brevity of the ideology as a whole. The essential link between culture and art, as well as politics and art means that nothing created during the early years of feminism was out of the reach of politicisation and none of it would have been made were it not for the wider advent of post modern society. Or, as Gombrich (1986:11) puts it: â€Å"not all art is concerned with visual discovery †. With the backdrop to the arrival of feminist sexuality and art in place, an evaluation of how one of the most potent symbols of feminine sexuality was used as a tool of womans subordination in art in the past must now be attempted. Female Hair, Sexuality and Symbolism in the History of Visual Art As already outlined, the question of womens hair and artistic expression is deep rooted in all civilisations. As well as the Greek and Roman equations of hair with dormant female sexuality, the pre Raphaelite artists also promulgated the view of feminine hair as seductive conqueror of weak male spirits. Late nineteenth and early twentieth century paintings continued to expand on the association of the snakes or ringlets of the Gorgons Head with male fear of female genitalia; the reversal of roles whereby the sinuous hairs of Medusa were inverted to symbolise the male phallic icon of power of women and nature. These notions were underlined by Freuds analysis that saw the intricate waves of classical female hair as symbolic of female metamorphosis and change – characterised by the uniquely female ability to transcend gender. According to Meghan Edwards (victorianweb.org; first viewed 15 September 2005), the Classical and Romantic image of the female using her hair to devour male libido was a collective and conscious manifestation of fear in Victorian society, one that was transmitted from the ancient period through to the advent of modern visual art. â€Å"The myth of women who carry in their femininity a grotesque vagina with teeth or who have embedded in their being a serpent or snake with the power to castrate took root long before Rossettis Lady Lilith but became increasingly unambiguous, bizarrely personalized, and widespread among the Symbolist poets and painters by the end of the [nineteenth] century. Visual and psychoanalytic connections between hair and serpents become increasingly explicit in Fernand Khnopffs The Blood of the Medusa, Franz von Stucks Fatality, and Edvard Munchs Vampire, wherein we see the complexity and ambiguousness that infused the imagery of earlier artists like the Rossettis, Waterhouse, Tennyson, and many others give way to an unrestrained fear and indulgence in the grotesque.† Rossettis Regina Cordium (Queen of Hearts), which he painted in 1860, began a period of change in artistic perspective on female hair, where it was accented as a means to communicate a womans ultimate fragility and dependence on man: the first realisation of her sexuality as the embodiment of mans annihilation and self destruction. Pollock (1992:132) notes how, â€Å"her hair is loose, a decent and suggestive sign of allowed disorder, conventionally a sign of womans sexuality.† It is of course significant that almost all of the most artistic and visual instances of female hair in painting were created by men. Many male artists, such as Manet, whos Olympia (1863 5) stands as the most obvious popular example, were non apologetic in terms of their bourgeois fascination with lower class women who were able to fulfil the well to do gentlemans most liberal carnal desires. As the prism through which both men and women viewed societys accepted ideal of the female form, these works of art (especially significant in the days before photography and other twentieth century means of visual communication) constituted the only truth that women knew. Artists of the Enlightenment such as Jean Baptiste Greuze, whos Broken Mirror (1773) charts the social struggle of sexually experienced yet single young woman, as well as High Victorian painters like William Holman Hunt, whos The Awakening Conscience (1853) details the plight and unique dilemma of a kept woman, all converged to create the prevailing image of female sexuality that remained the staple diet of western art for much of the twentieth century: a smouldering power that could be easily sedated by the socio political power of man. As Judy Chicago and Edward Lucie Smith (1999:88) testify, the fallen woman was the most popular portrayal of female sexuality for many of the male artists who dominated the pre twentieth century artistic arena with creators highlighting her essential weakness with a minimal visual emotional connection. â€Å"She is the one who has no way out, and the painter contemplates her dilemma with a sort of repressed sadism. With each one of these works one feels a conflict of intention. The artist, will ostensibly sympathising with the plight of his female subjects, in fact enjoys their suffering, and expects the audience to do so as well.† Where hair was employed as a tool to reference female sexuality, it was used to derisory and derogatory effect, as witnessed in the 1934 sculpture by Renà © Magritte entitled, Le Viol (The Rape), which transforms a mould of a womans torso into a distorted image of her face; her breasts are made into eyes, the hair covering her genitals becomes the mouth, while locks of coarse wavy hair protrude from the neck, conforming to the male stereotype of female hair as an instantly recognisable feature of her fertile sexuality. Clearly, female artists, although very much in the minority were by no means obsolete and painters such as Louise Marie Elizabeth Vigà ©e Lebrun, Rosalba Carriera and Angela Kauffman are but three of a long history of richly talented women artists who showed the intellectual and artistic communities the muted side of female sexuality, beyond the narrow conceptual borders imposed by man. However, in relation to the issue of hair as a vehicle through which to transport female sexuality to the viewer, few of these artists, male or female, made substantial in roads into a deeper philosophical exploration. It is important to note the significant socio economic shift that beset Europe and the United States after the end of the Great War in 1918. Because of their contribution to the labour force, in addition to the nascent political bodies such as the Womens Institute (founded in 1915) and the Suffragette Movement, females in the West were for the first time able to exist, albeit nominally at first, outside of the control of a patriarch. Gradually at first, more completely after the end of the Second World War in 1945, women were able to embrace independency, which necessarily brought with it tremendous consequences for the artistic community. Whereas women artists previously had to pander to male taste in order to sell as well as fund their work, women artists of the second half of the twentieth century were more able to create for the sake of creation as opposed to as a means to fit into male structured society. As Anne Sheppard (1987:97) details, the significance of the release of the socio economic weights of expectation inherently means that essence of the artistic endeavour must change. â€Å"Among an audiences expectations of a work of art are expectations concerned with artistic forms and conventions. The Greeks of the fifth century BC would expect a chorus in a tragedy. Shakespeares contemporaries would expect a Fool in a comedy. Mozarts contemporaries would expect harpsichord music to be played with trills and grace notes. Giottos contemporaries would expect saints to be painted with haloes.† As a broad rule of all artistic behaviour, artists had traditionally been bound by the expectations of the paying audience. Thus, the revolution concerning female sexuality and the way in which she has been visually portrayed came via economic emancipation first. Attention must now be turned to instances of female hair as a means of expression of sexuality in modern visual culture after the creative liberation of women. Female Hair as a Medium in Modern Visual Culture The above background to the advent of the age of modernity, and of the arrival and acceptance of women within the upper echelons of the artistic community in the West, highlights the male dominated nature of notions of female sexuality. Hair was expressed as one of the most seductive of all of womans charms – an intricate part of the parcel that was created by God solely for mans destruction. Even when woman is portrayed as life giver in art, the act is more often than not displayed as ugly and confrontational, as Jonathan Wallers Mother No. 27 (1996) testifies. Indeed, the ongoing negative reaction of museums to child birth and maternity reveals more about the still dominant attitudes of females as sex objects as opposed to life enablers – as destructive rather than constructive, which is to the detriment of the art community as a whole. It naturally follows that while the majority of the (male) art community continued to associate flowing female hair with her ubiquitous sexuality, women artists tied to the first and second waves of the international feminists movement would wish to convey a hidden, alternative image. One of the most universally celebrated of twentieth century female artists was without doubt Frida Kahlo. She is famous not only for the wealth of talent and technique that was at her disposal but also for her independent, analytical and honest view of women, given added significance due to her prominent position in Mexican society. Her self portrait with cropped hair (1940), which is housed in New Yorks Museum of Modern Art constituted the first mainstream attempt to castrate the pervasive female sexuality as characterised by the iconography of ubiquitous long hair. It should be recalled that this painting was created at a time when uniformity of sexuality was the cultural norm: women were meant to hav e long hair, which meant that the subtle question Kahlo posed to women who viewed it was magnified all the more. Two decades later, at the dawn of the watershed decade of the 1960s, the impact of the famous Beatles haircut, first styled and professionally photographed by Astrid Kircherr (who exhibits the cropped blonde look in a self photograph in 1961) was universal within western culture and was noteworthy for its inversion of traditional sexual roles. As, during the sixties, young men grew their hair longer so young women were more inclined to cut their own, highlighting a deliberate cultural means of rebelling against the tired sexual mores of the time. Gay women, in particular, began to associate short hair with sexual freedom. Although contemporary Western society views the stereotypical butch woman with short hair as symptomatic of the lesbian underworld, it was indeed a bold move in the sixties and seventies for a woman to cut her hair in such a symbolic gesture. In this way, women such as the avant garde artist Harmony Hammond (who famously came out via cutting her previously long, feminine hair in New York in 1974) were using their own hair and body image as their art, to make a statement that, visually and aesthetically, woman was no longer the lens through which man peered at his own vision of beauty. As per all cultural de constructions of popular mythology, the actual look of a womans hair was the only the first building block of conformity to be removed in the first phase of feminist expression. Harmony Hammond, furthermore, was one of the most prominent users of hair as an artistic material. Whereby hair was previously used to express female sexuality via depicting or painting the length, texture and contours, Hammond and the burgeoning abstract sect of North American artists sought to incorporate hair into their work to bring attention to the social and sexual constraints by which we all live. She used her own hair in the construction of a hair blanket as well as utilising animal hair to make hair bags. Hammond used materials such as hemp, straw, thread and braids to reference the equation of feminine hair with sexuality throughout her body of work. As Paul Eli Ivey (queerculturalcenter.org; first viewed 21 September 2005) explains, Harmony Hammond exhibited the greatest abil ity to manoeuvre female hair away from its association with beautiful heterosexual objects of male desire, combining ideology and aesthetics in a discernibly feminist manner. â€Å"In the 1990s, Hammond combined latex rubber with her own hair and the hair of her daughter or friends, to suggest landscapes of gendered and sexualised bodies. The braid and the pony tail also took on a life of their own as personified characters: the braid relating to an integration of mind, body, and spirit; the stylised ponytail becoming a flirtatious, sexualised persona.† Her sculpture, Speaking Braids, plays on the difficulty in forming a singular feminine voice in such a diverse culture, where lesbian and bisexual women still feel cut off from the socially acceptable heterosexual females of the twenty first century. The head is disconnected from the body, mirroring societys view of woman as an object of passive desire. The most shocking element is the vomit of light brown braids that extend from the remorseless face of the head of the woman, designed to engage the audience in contemporary thought about the disembodied cries of women to whom marriage and conformity are not available. Hair was therefore used to point out essential moral and ideological divisions within female sexuality and, according to Joan Smith (1997:165), the failure of society to recognise the fundamental differences amongst the various sectors of the broader female sex has been to the detriment of feminism and, ultimately, western culture as a whole. â€Å"Women are expected to be different from men but the same as each other. While there is general agreement that women are unlike men in numerous ill defined ways, there is enormous reluctance to accept the idea that women might not be broadly similar to each other. The issue that exposes this distinction most sharply is motherhood, so that a woman who chooses not to give birth is characterised not just as unnatural but as a traitor to her sex.† Mille Wilson is another feminist artist who has used the symbolism of hair to state a valid view on female sexuality by employing it as the central theme of persuasion. In her ambitious visual art project, The Museum of Lesbian Dreams (1990 2), Wilson speaks to her audience through the fetish surrogates of the typical view of the female body in this instance using female hair in the form of a series of womens wigs to underline the essential similarity of heterosexual and homosexual womans dreams and deepest aesthetic desires, relying on the long, luxurious manes of the artificial hair to symbolise the traditional notion of hair as standard bearer of vivacious feminine sexuality. As Whitney Chadwick (2002:396) notes in her expansive study of women, art and society; â€Å"her work articulates the historical inaccuracy, often absurdity, of social constructions of lesbianism within dominant heterosexual discourses. Such discursive formations often to work to fix identity within, and o utside, normative paradigms.† It should be apparent that much of the artistic arguments pertaining to female hair and sexuality emanate from the perspective of the historical outsiders, namely gay and bisexual women. All great art is created from passion and in terms of damaging sexual stereotyping relating to female icons of beauty the avant garde art community has felt the greatest reason to voice concerns over the prevailing attitude of society towards womens sexuality. However, the real outsiders within the broader feminine artistic debate need to be analysed in order to underscore how hair is culturally understood as one of the most important foundations of mainstream notions of female sexuality. Female Hair and Visual Expressions of Sexuality from the Perspective of Outsider Art Beyond the set boundaries inherent within sculpture and painting, photography and performance art have been the most likely to make a physical statement pertaining to female sexuality. Whereas most other forms of modern visual art minimalism, conceptual art and pop art concentrate on extracting the content rather than moving towards a lifelike representation of the female body, photography recreates the human form as an artistic facsimile. It must be noted that photography and visual performance art highlight the issue of female sexuality via concentrating on the entirety of the hair on her body as opposed to detailing only the stereotypical view of female hair emanating from her head. Indeed, no examination of the subject of sexuality and hair can be complete without an analysis of the art worlds view of female body hair per se, which is culturally speaking – hidden, shaved and moulded in a far more stringent and severe way than any style of hair upon the head, a fact that Germaine Greer (1999:20) expands upon. â€Å"Women with too much (i.e. any) body hair are expected to struggle daily with depilatories of all kinds in order to appear hairless. Bleaching moustaches, waxing legs and plucking eyebrows absorb hundreds of woman hours.† Feminist adherents in the art world have inevitably challenged the claustrophobic views of society towards female body hair with pictures created to shock and induce academic debate about a needlessly taboo topic. Sally Mann made a series of explicit photographs of herself and her daughters during the 1990s, including Untitled (1997), a photograph that focuses the viewer upon the dense vaginal hair of the artist, whose legs are spread open in a bathtub with the subtext of highlighting how women enjoy exactly the same bodily functions as men, however much society shuts itself off to biological reality. Moreover, by making the camera concentrate on the nexus of pubic hair the spectator is likewise advised to consider the cultural reasons as to why women must shave every other part of their body where hair grows naturally. The most shocking and moving of all photographic imagery involving female hair tied to the notion of sexuality is Hannah Wilkes self image taken during her demise from cancer, the disease having robbed her of her hair though not of her female organs, as the naked photo in a wheelchair, selected from the Intra Venus collection (1992 3), graphically illustrates. The power of the visual focus is centred upon the artists wish to show how hair does not make a woman feminine – and that the human spirit is more powerful than any facet of the physical body. Visual art enactment reserves the greatest power of persuasion and audience manipulation. Post Porn Modernism, a performance art show that was exhibited in New York in the late 1980s, is the most obvious example of a visual exposition of contemporary female sexuality devised to shock the audience, concentrating in this instance, on the artists pubic hair and genitalia. Playing on the historical artistic obsession with the female whore, Rebecca Schneider (1996:161) declares that Post Porn Modernism was merely another way to de mystify the myth of female sexuality, in particular highlighting the fragile nature of consumer capitalism where the prostitute is both buyer and seller merged into one. â€Å"In theory, the real live Prostitute Annie Sprinkle lay at the threshold of the impasse between true and false, visible and invisible, nature and culture as if in the eye of a storm. As any whore is given to be in this culture she is a mistake, an aberration, a hoax: a show and a sham made of lipstick, mascara, fake beauty marks, hair and black lace.† However, the art most likely to capture the absurdity of the persistent link between granted notions of female hair personifying womans innate sexuality is that which is created by African women: artists who have to cross strict racial as well as gender and sexuality lines in order to portray women from their culture in an aesthetically acceptable light. These women are the true outsiders of Western artistic expression. Leslie Rabine (1998:127), for example, declares that: â€Å"western slave culture and economics invested the arena of skin, hair and make up with political struggle,† with the result that African women born in the West have had their body image dictated by colour and gender, which creates a kind of schizophrenic effect on the black women to the extent that the naturally curly, short African hair has been usurped in fashion by wigs, extensions and artificially straight hair. Typically, it has been left to the avant garde community to ignite the backlash against the marginalisation of black female sexuality. Alison Saar, daughter of African American feminist artist Betye Saar accented the widely accepted view of natural black female hair as the cultural antithesis to feminine sexuality in her sculpture entitled, Chaos in the Kitchen (1998). Saar used coarse iron wiring to mimic indigenous African hair, on top of a female face that has been deliberately denied eyes to highlight the cultural blind spot that black women have towards their own vision of female beauty. She means to state that, in attempting to copy white mans image of feminine beauty via hair, black women have only succeeded in hollowing out their historical selves. African American artist and photographer Renà ©e Cox made an even more challenging alternative to the prevailing paradigms pertaining to female sexuality and race when she made, Yo Mama (1993). The photograph places the artist standing up naked except for Western high heels the stereotypical twin symbol of hair as the autograph of heterosexual female sexuality. The hair on he

Salmeterol : The Optimization of an Asthmatic Drug :: Medical Biology Asthma Medicine

Salmeterol: The Optimization of an Asthmatic Drug Abstract: Asthma can be found in so many people all across world. Asthma is not biased; sex, race, or country does not matter. Asthma affects a large percent of the global population. Becoming aware of this is the first step. Now, using a drug in use, salmeterol, I want to optimize this drug to make it better by giving it different analogs, which will give it different properties. Using the latest technology in the Chemistry Lab, Gaussview and Gaussian 03W aided me in creating models for these analogs and optimizing them. 3 Imagine you are a cross country runner competing in the annual Mt. Sac Cross Country Invitational. The finish line is just ahead, and the crowd is going wild with excitement. The top runner is slightly ahead of you, and you decide to sprint the last fifty yards to the finish line, hopefully to attain first place. Nearing the finish line, you suddenly have trouble breathing, and your heartbeat becomes irregular. You quickly realize you are having an acute asthma attack and pull out your inhaler. With a deep breath and a small puff, you feel better. However, the time it took to complete the process cost you, and you will have to settle with second place. Better luck next time! Asthma is a growing chronic condition in America and has taken quite a toll on Americans. According to the American Academy of Allergy Asthma & Immunology (1), approximately twenty million Americans have asthma, half of which are specifically from allergic asthma. With so many people with the condition, it is no surprise that in 2001, a quarter of all Emergency Room visits were caused by asthma. As a result, health costs for asthma have soared and have hit ten billion dollars annually. Unfortunately, not every person has been able to survive the effects of asthma, and approximately five thousand deaths occur due to asthma yearly. Though the sole cause of asthma is unknown, there are several probable hypotheses as to why one would attain asthma (7). As a result, asthma awareness must be spread. Not only does a large part of the American population have this condition, but they also do not know how they got the condition. This has led me to create a goal: to optimize salmeterol, a drug used for asthma. However, many do not know what asthma is. 4 To fully grasp the concept of asthma, one must first analyze the system that it affects: the respiratory system, which controls the inhalation and exhalation of air. Following the pathway of air, it begins in the atmosphere and enters the body through

Developmentally Appropriate Teaching Strategies

Today’s classrooms are becoming more and more diverse with students that have disabilities and those that come from different cultures. It is important for educators to ensure that their teaching strategies are appropriate for all of the children in their classroom. When it comes to the classroom there can be many cultural challenges that educators will have to address to ensure that all students are growing and developing appropriately. Educators need to make sure that they are capable of addressing each of their students’ needs individually in order for the students to be able to succeed.Educators must be able to define and address any cultural challenges in the classroom in order for each and every one of their students to be successful. It is important for educators to be able to identify challenges they may have when using different teaching strategies to ensure students are getting the appropriate education. Effective teaching strategies help students to learn. Si nce not all children learn in the same ways it is important to be flexible and willing to change a strategy so that it meets everyone’s needs.Some educators may be unsure of their ability to reach and teach culturally diverse children. Some may even express reservations about their ability to teach students that are from a culture that is different from their own (Chisholm, 1994). One challenge involved with ensuring that teaching strategies are appropriate for culturally diverse children is effective communication. Educators must assess their students to see what level of development they are at. Communicating with parents is a great way to learn more about the students as individuals and their cultural background.Teachers can communicate with parents to find out what their goals for their child are, find out more about what their personality is like and even some of their favorite things to do. When educators understand more about each child individually then they can apply the appropriate teaching strategies. If the children seem uninterested in an assignment, the educator can adjust it to get them more interested and willing to complete the assignment. Overcoming stereotyping is a challenge educators can encounter when it comes to ensuring that teaching strategies are appropriate for culturally diverse children.Some educators may compare one child to another child that comes from the same cultural background and use the same teaching strategy. One way to overcome this is to make sure that educators know each of the students individually instead of comparing one to another or relying on stereotyping. â€Å"To truly engage students, we must reach out to them in ways that are culturally and linguistically responsive and appropriate, and we must examine the cultural assumptions and stereotypes we bring into the classroom that may hinder interconnectedness.† (Teaching Tolerance, 1991)Once they know more about each of the students then they can avo id stereotyping and adjust their teaching strategy to meet the individual needs of the students in the classroom. Another challenge educator’s encounter is the cultural gap that is between students and teachers. It is important for educators to understand that some culturally diverse children may need things explained to them in a different way for them to gain an understanding.If educators took the time to learn about the various cultures that are present in their school then they could possibly bridge the cultural gap between them and their students. Educators can learn more about their students culture by asking their students questions and getting to their level in order to gain an understanding of their cultures. Once this is accomplished they will have a better understanding on which teaching strategies to use with the students. People will often use nonverbal communication through behaviors like facial expressions, body language, gestures, etc.These behaviors are viewe d as a sociological framework called symbolic interactionism. Children that come from a different culture will more than likely have different ways of communicating nonverbally. For example, in some cultures it is considered to be disrespectful to look someone in the eye when they are talking to you. Most teachers expect you to look at them when they are talking to you so that they can see that you are paying attention and understand. There are certain behaviors that are associated with different cultures that are considered to be appropriate.â€Å"Although different cultures may share similar goals for children, the methods and practices that are implemented to instill those values in children may differ dramatically. † (Bojcyk, 2012, sec. 2. 2) For example, some cultures believe that children should be seen but not heard. Children that come from a culture that believes that may be more withdrawn and quiet in the classroom. Piaget’s preoperational stage involves child ren from two years old to seven years old. Children in this stage can mentally represent events and objects and engage in symbolic play.They are only able to focus on one aspect of a problem and their thoughts and communications are usually egocentric (Recker, 1999). Children from culturally diverse backgrounds may mentally represent objects and events differently than the other children. It is important for educators to provide children with other views that may conflict with their own in order for them to gain an understanding of others views. Doing this can help them in their development and is an important step in increasing their cognitive development.When educators provide their students with opportunities to work with others, the students will encounter different views of the other students and learn to look at things from someone else’s point of view. â€Å"Although individuals within a pluralistic society must learn to accept their own ethnic identity and to become comfortable with it, they must also learn to function effectively within other ethnic cultures and to respond positively to individuals who belong to other ethnic groups.They also need to learn how to interact with members of outside groups and how to resolve conflicts with them. † (Banks, 2006) Providing children with activities or assignments that allow them to work together with students from different cultural backgrounds can help in teaching them conflict resolution. At the same time they learn to see things from other points of view and this can help increase their cognitive development and ensure they are successful in school.

The eNotes Blog The Sound of Silence NASA Probes Record Earths Chorus

The Sound of Silence NASA Probes Record Earths Chorus Heres a question for Science teachers to ask their classes: If space made a noise, what would it sound like? The reverberations of Neil Armstrongs footsteps? Space junk clanging together?   The chatter of little green men? Or perhaps, early morning birdsong? An illustration of the earths magnetosphere, where our planets magnetic field collides with charged particles from the Sun. Yes, unlikely as it is, Earth actually gives off a noise that most liken to birds chirping. We know this because when NASA wasnt busy sending a rover to explore Mars, it created a device to detect the sounds of an atmosphere much closer to home. Surrounding our planet are rings of plasma which are pulsing with radio waves. Those waves are not audible to the human ear alone, but radio antennae can pick them up, and thats just what an instrument the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) on NASAs recently launched Radiation Belt Storm Probes has done. Scientists have known of Earths chorus for several decades, but one of the missions of the Probes project has been to uncover the science behind the emissions. The sounds come from a part of Earths outer atmosphere called the magnetosphere (pictured above) an area where charged particles from the sun interact with the earths magnetic field. Fortunately for us, the radio waves emitted by Earths atmosphere occur in the same frequency of sounds we can hear. That means that, once the waves are picked up by a radio transmitter and translated into sound waves, we can listen to the hauntingly beautiful sounds of our home planet, recorded below: The project will continue for two more years and will also investigate the phenomenon of space weather, which actually affects us on the ground by knocking out satellites and power grids. Who knew space suffered weather like the rest of us? Idea for a Classroom Activity: Earths Song Objective:  To help students connect the concepts of magnetic fields and radio waves. Grade Level: 4-8 Time Needed: 20-30 minutes Dialogue/Worksheet:  Can you imagine what space would sound like if we could listen to it?  What kind of sounds do you think we would hear? (Have students draw Earth and its magnetic field. This activity should follow a unit on magnetism and polarity.) Did you know that the magnetic field makes a noise when tiny particles from the Sun hit it? We cant hear this sound just by listening with our ears. We need radio waves to be able to hear it. What kinds of objects detect radio waves? (Have students list the many different items that pick up radio waves. Ex. radios, baby monitors, garage door openers, cell phones, radio-controlled toys, TVs, wifi, airplanes etc.) Radio waves make up a a type of sound wave that travels through the air at a frequency humans cant hear. They travel much faster than the sound waves you hear when I speak. But we can hear them when we use a radio. The antennae pick up radio waves from the air and switch them into sound waves, which we can hear through the speakers.   Earths magnetic field gives off its own noise because radio waves are   electromagnetic. Using a radio antennae, we can pick up this sound and listen to the planet.   (Play audio of Earths chorus.) What did that sound like to you? Did its sound surprise you? If you could give Earths song a name, what would you call it? Resources: NASA explains Radio Waves Reference Guide: Electricity and Magnetism QA: Definition of radio waves

Relief Workers in Ontario 1930s essays

Relief Workers in Ontario 1930s essays MacDowells article about Relief workers in the 1930s in Ontario focuses on young unmarried men and describes the hardships faced during the depression. Married men with families were given priority in employment and municipal aid was primarily given to families as well. As a result, many young men became transients roaming from place to place trying to find work. The government became worried that these men would be easy prey for radical ideas. To avert revolution relieve unemployment the government developed relief work camps. Many historians wonder about the value of these camps, but MacDowell argues that the relief workers achieved important results. Many permanent results were achieved in public works at an insignificant cost to the government but were somewhat limited due to government policy that would not allow skilled labor to be used in the camps. The reason the camps were created was to find employment for wandering, young unmarried men and this goal was met. Laurel MacDowell is a professor of Canadian Social History at the University of Toronto. She concentrates on the history of the working class and has written several books on the subject. Her sources include many primary sources that describe the state of the relief program including the militarys Final Report detailing the effectiveness and conditions of the camps. Her arguments, therefore, are very legitimate. To prove her point about the amount of actual work accomplished, MacDowell cites many examples of projects completed or nearly completed by the workers. The workers made no wages, but were allowed twenty cents per day in disposable income to spend how they wished. The food rations were very small and there was very little to be done for recreation. As a result morale was low and workers had nothing to lose. Many workers did not work to their full potential and would often only work for a few days and then leave. ...

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business

The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business Introduction The company in question is involved in manufacturing where it produces a variety of wood products. It has been a sole proprietorship form of a business unit and currently. However, the owner has plans of converting the company to another form of business unit by considering various factors. However, the entrepreneur does not comprehend all forms of business units and thus he needs to make an informed decision before choosing the form of business that suits his situation.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Discussion of Various Forms of Business Units Sole proprietorship Sole proprietorship is the simplest form of business organization as it is formed and managed by a single individual. With this form of business, the organization is not registered on its own, hence cannot be separated from the owner (Lau Johnson, 2011 ). Moreover, the owner is entitled to all profits generated by the business at the end of a financial year as well as losses in case they arise. However, the owner is responsible over all debts and liabilities entered into by the business. In the formation of a sole proprietorship, the status automatically passes to the owner. However, for the business to be legal, the owner has to register and obtain the necessary licenses and permits. However, rules regulating the registration process differ in accordance to the location of the business and the industry. In terms of taxation, the owner has to withhold taxes and submit them to the relevant authority. Moreover, the business cannot be taxed separately since incomes generated are also the owner’s incomes. Advantages Sole proprietorship is cheap and easy to form for structural costs are quite low as compared to other forms of business units. In addition, legal costs in relation to obtaining necessary documentation, licenses, and permits are always at minimum. In addition, it is easy to prepare and file tax returns for the business is not taxed separately from the owner, which makes it easy to fulfill reporting requirement in relation to taxes. Decision making process is simplified and faster since the owner is the sole decision maker. Sale and transfer of properties takes place at the discretion of the owner, hence maintenance of secrets within the organization (Lau Johnson, 2011, p. 236). Disadvantages In case the business falls into liability and is unable to pay, the owner is held liable for the debts and obligations of the organization. In addition, any liable act committed by the employees of the business is charged against the owner. In addition, the owner may not have expertise in all areas of management; therefore, he or she may find it difficult to run the entire business. Where there are no finances to start up the business, it is hard to raise capital, especially through seeking financial assis tance from banking institutions.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More General partnership A partnership defines the relationship that exists between two or more people who have an aim of getting involved in business practices. In the course of carrying on a business, all parties involved share profits and losses as agreed. In the case of a general partnership, each of the partners contributes capital, skills, and even labor in return to sharing into the profits and losses of the business. Although, there is no regulation requiring a partnership to be registered officially, it is always recommended for people to do so (Lau Johnson, 2011, p. 240). In a court of law, evidence of two or more people carrying on a business is enough to call it a general partnership. It is also acceptable that a sole proprietor can change his or her business to this form. In the ca se study, the sole proprietor is thinking of changing the form of his business to something else. However, if he settles for this form of business, he must be willing to have an additional partner into his business. Termination depends on the type of that the business partners were in; however, it can also end due to factors stipulated in the agreement. Advantages Raising capital is quite easier than when compared to a sole proprietorship for each partner contributes a certain portion of the capital. As opposed to a sole proprietorship, a general partnership can also access loans from financial and non-financial institutions. In the presence of an agreement, it would be easier to solve any problem that arises among partners. Division of labor can easily be exercised, as each partner will participate in running the business. Disadvantages In a general partnership, every partner is liable to all debts and liabilities of the organization. Unfortunately, all profits generated by the bus iness are shared among partners. In addition, due to agency relationship that exists among partners, a mistake made by one person affects all other partners in the business. Death of a single partner means an end to that partnership. Partners are also not free to transfer the ownership of their share to another person freely. Secrecy is not guaranteed in this form of business since every partner is authorized to transact on behalf of all others and all have equal access to books of accounts (p 245). Limited partnership As opposed to a general partnership, limited partnership must involve proper documentation. Partners willing to venture into such a business must also be willing to have a specific location. The partnership consists of limited and a general partner. The limited partner enjoys limited liability, whereas general partners are held liable to the extent of their personal liability. Creation of a limited partnership begins by filing limited partnership certificates through the relevant agency.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Advantages Not all partners are liable to the debts and liabilities of the company. Limited partners are not liable to the debts of the partnership. In case of general partners, they are only liable to the extent of their contribution and not the entire liability. Raising capital for the partnership is quite easy. Disadvantages Any legal liability attached to the partnership can be passed to the general partner if the business is unable to meet its obligations. On the other hand, limited partners are passive investors, as they are not allowed to assume active participation in the management of the business. The process of setting up may be long and cumbersome due to the registration procedure required. General partners end up bearing heavy and unnecessary risks of the busines s. C-corporation These traditional corporations are currently retained by most large organizations globally. The C- Corporations are governed by a board of directors, officers, and bylaws. Stock certificates are also issued to the initial shareholders. Formal paper work is filed in relations to stipulations within the state where the corporation is set up. Advantages The corporation ensures protection of the owners’ properties through separation of actions of owners from those of the corporation. The business is a legal entity that can act on its own; therefore, can sue or be sued without involving the stockholders and other officers. Shareholders have powers to vote for the directors based on their number of shares as stipulated in the articles of incorporation. Shareholders can freely transfer their shares without consultations. Disadvantages Lengthy and bureaucratic procedures are followed during incorporation. Decisions are made by officers and director, and thus the deci sions may not align to the wishes of shareholders. These organizations are subject to corporate taxes that translate to additional costs to the organization. This corporation is subject to double taxation, since shareholders are also taxed on their dividends (Lau Johnson, p.249). S-corporation An organization has first to move to a C-Corporation before being upgraded to the status of an S Corporation. However, an S-Corporation cannot accommodate more than 100 shareholders. Moreover, it is the responsibility of these shareholders to pass their corporate income, deductions, losses, and credit. S Corporations have one class of stock. Advantages Shareholders have the privilege to choose their profits and the extent of their losses. The corporation is also not subject to double taxation as opposed to C-Corporations for the corporation reports the flow of incomes and losses on members’ personal tax return, hence avoiding double taxation.Advertising Looking for critical writing on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Disadvantages The corporation has only allowable shareholders, thus restricting partnerships and alien shareholders. The corporation is also selective on some certain financial institutions, insurance companies, and some domestic and international sales corporations. For a small business, joining this corporation is complicated, as one has to fill some forms to be granted permission . Limited liability company This business organization has a membership of 10 to 20 members, but it should not exceed 50 members for professionals. Members’ property and shareholders are protected and thus cannot be used to settle financial obligations of an organization. One of the advantages of this form of a company is that shareholders’ wealth is protected. The company is also a going concern since the death of any member cannot affect the continuity of operations. However, the company is subject to double taxation since both the company and shareholders’ dividends are also taxed . Recommendations From the case presented above, it is evident that the business has outgrown its capacity as a sole proprietorship. Since the organization had not yet formed any form of the corporation, the owner should upgrade the business to a limited liability company. The organization needs to increase its earnings, thus leading to an increment in profits that can cater for the increased expenses in relation to those of other corporations. A limited liability company could suit the organization, as it is easier to form in comparison to the S and C corporations. Although the company is subject to double taxation, I strongly recommend this form of business organization. For the case of these other corporations, there are stringent measures, as stipulated by regulations governing the formation of these organizations. With the expansion of a business, an organization is likely to seek services of expatriates because such a move comes along with inventions and innovations mostly in technology. This aspect will be a crucial idea for the business that is dealing with timber products. Improved technology would ensure proper utilization of available resources and introduction of new designs. Although I support strategies outlined by S Corporations, I would not recommend it because this form does not favor alien shareholders. I strongly recommend a limited liability company as it would ensure wealth of shareholders is safeguarded. Moreover, the sole proprietor was used to dealing with a small number of employees; therefore, recommending companies that would require many shareholders would amount to incompetence. A limited liability company is suitable, as the owner will only have to deal with less than 50 shareholders, and thus management becomes easier. Reference Lau, T., Johnson, l. (2011). The Legal and Ethical Environment of Business. Irvington, NY: Flat World Knowledge.

The manufacturing and service operations, their differences, and the Essay

The manufacturing and service operations, their differences, and the operation processes and systems that may be common to the two - Essay Example The quality of a service is realized when it consumed and this quality is quickly lost if the service is not received as fast as possible (Artige Company, 2005). It is almost difficult to provide or claim ownership of a service. Rather, it can just be lent temporarily. A product can be a physical item (goods), non-tangible items (services), or a combination of both the categories. Manufacturing operations involves creation of goods whereas service operations involve creation and delivery of services to consumers. A number of differences occur between the operations in the service industry and those in the manufacturing industry, which translate to a difference in some operation management techniques. Firstly, the service industry is labor-intensive (Zhou, Park & Yi, 2009) as it involves many manual processes characterized by interaction between human beings. This is contrary to the manufacturing processes where most functions are mechanized. As such, it is difficult to use standardiz ed and automated systems to improve operational efficiency in service industry (Zhou, Park & Yi, 2009). Besides, the employees have their own preferences and different processes may require varying amount of labor at a given time. This calls for a more integrated system for scheduling and control. The service industry is characterized by simultaneous production and consumption of the service products (Abilla, 2010; Zhou, Park & Yi, 2009). In manufacturing process, the goods are manufactured at some earlier dates and some lead-time is created in readiness for risks and uncertainties that may be encountered in future. The buffer is not possible in the service industry, which will just apply a Just-In-Time (JIT)... This paper illustrates that business organizations are engaged in the creation of products to be offered to their clients. These products can be good or services or a combination of both. Effective development of these products requires operations management, which is concerned with the ‘design, and management of products, processes, services, and supply chains’. Operations management will entail all the processes involved in obtaining these resources, their development, and final usage by the organization. The roles in operations management take different dimensions. Strategic roles involve making some long-term operations plan for the organization, especially at the onset of a given business project. Operations management applies for both a manufacturing company and a service company. A manufacturing operations manager may be required to determine the size of a manufacturing plant and its convenient location. Similarly, an operations manager may be required to determin e the appropriate type of service to be provided and to develop the technology supply chain that will be used. OM also involves tactical roles like choosing on the appropriate resources that are to be used in a given operation. Operational roles like inventory management, quality control and inspection, or production scheduling and control are the other category of operations management. The service processes are not that distinct from the manufacturing processes and some of the operations management roles applicable in manufacturing can be extended to the service industry.

Russian petroleum industry and globalization Dissertation

Russian petroleum industry and globalization - Dissertation Example 4.Functional Structure of Organizations 11 In the petroleum industry, organizations grouped their employees based on their specialization together: Reservoir Engineers together, Production Technologist together, etc., which resulted in a Functional structure. Figure 1 presents an example of a Functional structure in case of an Operating Unit in the petroleum industry (in an oversimplified situation). Because of the grouping of functional activities into specialized departments, the organization is able to support in-depth skill development, which is considered to be one of the key strengths of the functional organization. However, functional grouping also has its drawbacks; as the environment becomes more uncertain and dynamic, many decisions are pushed to higher hierarchical levels, which slows down the process of decision-making. Price shocks of oil and gas in the 1980s resulted in major cost cuttings between 1982 and 1986, major petroleum companies (except for Shell) announced rad ical restructuring programs, which included a reformulation of business strategies within core oil and gas businesses and reduction of staff. Shell did not major restructure its organization, but did reduce staff for ~20%. Although petroleum companies reduced a great number of their staff, the actual amount of work remained the same. 11 5.Russian Petroleum and the Global Scenario 12 5.1.FDI of Russian Companies Globally 13 5.2.Energy as a Strategic Asset 13 5.3.Opportunities for Russia 14 III.Investigation to Support Model 15 1.Sample for Investigation 15 2.Investigation Results in Tabular Form 16 IV.Results of Investigation 21 1.Power distribution on â€Å"Exploration processes† and â€Å"Business development† 21 2.Power distribution on â€Å"Project Planning† and â€Å"Project execution† 22... Over the years, this strategy has been successful and beneficial for the country. Presently, various other factors have come into play such as the need for efficiency, reducing costs and the role of international market forces. The oil prices which reached the peak in 2008 have stabilized over past 3 years. This fact affects the financial results of Russian petroleum companies and Russia GDP. For example EBITDA of the LUK oil has decreased up to 14% since 2008. Russia government faces new challenges to provide GDP growth. One of the major steps is to find new projects which should be developed. These projects can be in Russian territory or abroad. With the help of secondary research it has been proposed that Russian energy can be used as a strategic resource in establishing a notable presence in the global markets. This paper investigates the path of multinational (MNCs) petroleum companies from national to international markets. My research proposes that the organizational structure of some MNCs operating from Russia can adapt techniques of their global counterparts. The research describes the variety of models that companies use to manage their international assets. The common models and solutions are recommended to use in case of Russian petroleum companies with respect to cultural differences and administrative heritage. 1.Introduction Russia is the largest country in the world in terms of area; it is also the second largest producer of energy of which about 40% of the production is exported-making Russian the largest exporter of energy in the world. Thus Russia plays a pivotal role in the international oil market with their production of upto 9.96 million barrels per day (Locatelli & Rossiaud, 2011).

Logistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 6

Logistics - Essay Example FedEx is an American international courier delivery company. The organization has massive information stored in its computer vaults in its Memphis headquarters (FedEx, 2014). The major challenge for FedEx in the early 2000s was to help their global partners access this information, make business for themselves and in turn business for FedEx. To solve this challenge, FedEx connected its partners through an online portal. Check Point Software Technologies is the firm that provided the needed software that was customized by FedEx’s IT workforce. Tied to the firm’s payment processing system, AutoPay, the portal provides access to various reports including revenues brought in by each partner compared to their budgets (Hemmatfar, Salchi & Bayat, 2010). This is in line with the objective of business intelligence of comparing actual performance to set goals (Gendron, 2013). The portal could also be queried to provide information on delivery performance and help in making decisi ons on best locations for new satellite bureaus. Thus, FedEx is able to track and monitor its processes. It provides real-time management updates to pave way for appropriate adjustment plans. Therefore, business intelligence has been critical for FedEx’s continuous planning. In the same way, business intelligence could be used in the logistics industry in general to make timely and well informed business

Manager's leading role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Manager's leading role - Essay Example Thee in-turn encompa more pecific dutie which will be dicued later. Manager Cae-tudy:Buine Name - Playtec Pty LtdName - Matthew tewartAge - 29Phone No - *******Poition Held - General ManagerBuine ize - mall (approximately 20-employee)Buine Decription - Playtec Pty Ltd i a manufacturer of indoor oftplay equiptment, ditributed nationwide and occaionally overea. A a General Manager of a mall buine, Matthew' management role conit of interdependent-factor coordinated into an organied 'ytem' to allow efficient allocation of reource through well-planned adminitration, complimenting D.A Holt definition of "defining organizational objective and then articulating trategie, tactic and objective that are neceary to achieve thee objective." (Holt,-1987,-p.793). Thee are divided into the three main egment of reponibility, collectively known a the Mintzberg' Management role. Under Interperonal management role, Matthew i een a a 'figurehead' in playtec, ometime being referred to a the "heart'n'oul" of the company. Although not the buine owner, the role of a leader i one he ha aumed, taking-on the reponibility of planning and providing future growth under one' 'umbrella' of reponibility for operation and employee. Taking a large amount of reponibility for buine function, a well a the peronal well-being of it' employee, Matthew ucceed in the "getting-it-done" part of the management proce. Manager do thi by motivating people to accomplih the tak through coaching and praie. They alo make key deciion that enable tak to be completed (Robbin, Coulter, 2003 pg256). Taking peronal reponibility not only for buine function and operation, but of the peronal well-being and of it' employee, ha allowed Matthew to take-advantage of the maller buine tructure to connect with hi "underling" on a peronal level, motivating them through friendhip and loyalty, not only bringing employee to work in a poitive manner toward the buinee-goal, but allowing "empowered group a full reponibility to develop a project plan and carry out the tak within the plan within contraint from the enior group. Thee contraint can only include iue uch a budget, ize, weight etc. (Dale, E., 1978)A a liaion, Matthew excel, addreing the entire workplace a well a employee individually on matter both relating to workplace performance, evaluation and peronal matter. He alo liaie efficiently between the upper-level, or organiation-level of the buine, to the factory-floor many time a day to enure buine goal meet at every level, a well a co-coordinating (with the buine owner) the companie netw ork of upplier. He i attentive and "controlling" of the proper and efficient method of manufacturing, and often take on the role of training new peronnel, enuring quality-control of the final product and maintenance of the current 'buine-model'. Thi alo prevent employee taking "artitic-libertie" by cutting corner and changing et practice, following the cientific-management model

John Locke's Notion of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

John Locke's Notion of Money - Essay Example He bases this idea on the definition of labor. According to Locke, â€Å"The labor of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his† (V.27). This means that if one labors for something, that something naturally becomes his property. Therefore, labor determines property. This property then is assumed to be useful and â€Å"the intrinsic value of things†¦depends only on their usefulness to the life of man† (V.37). Therefore, property has value, and this value can only be represented by money. Therefore, if one has money, even if the property is gone, its value stays with its rightful owner. Furthermore, this means that since money does not decay, then it does not lose its value. In fact, money does not only have value but it also serves as a pledge or an agreement among people that they will honor its value through â€Å"mutual consent† (V.47). Lastly, according to Locke, money is a means to â€Å"enlarge† man’s possessions or property (V.48). Since money became a means to exchange useful goods and since different industries developed to give man different amounts of possessions, money became a means to own larger and larger property. ... If we rely on barter, we cannot exactly know how much of one thing can be justly or rightfully exchanged with another. Therefore, for Aristotle, â€Å"all good must†¦be measured by some one thing† and that only money can serve as a standard or it can provide the means to an equal exchange of goods (V.3). The idea of equal exchange is based on Aristotle’s idea of justice, which is the topic of the whole Chapter 5 of the Nicomachean Ethics. For Aristotle, the reason why money should be used as a basis of equality is that it is fixed and more stable than other criteria. For example, nobody can exactly say who is virtuous and whether virtuous people must receive more that those who are not. Money, however, is fixed and will give its owner the same value whether he is â€Å"more virtuous† than another person. Aristotle also states that money is â€Å"not always worth the same; yet it tends to be steadier† (V.3). This means that the value of money may chang e but it is still a better mode of exchange because it is not perishable. Moreover, money is â€Å"our surety,† which means that money is a guarantee or a pledge that its value will be honored by all men as it is â€Å"fixed by agreement† (V.3). This also means that even if now we do not need to use a product that money can buy, the fact that we have money means that we can still use this product in the future when we need it. Aristotle and John Locke on Money Aristotle and John Locke both have similar and different opinions on money. Nevertheless, Aristotle’s views seem more viable. Both philosophers believe that money is more or less a practical mode of exchange. According to John Locke, money does not decay like perishable goods such as corn and

BUSINESS LAW(All contractual terms are either categorised as Essay

BUSINESS LAW(All contractual terms are either categorised as conditions or warranties. How true is this statement Discuss, with reference to case law. ) - Essay Example There ought to be a consideration that will pass hands once the promises of the contract have been fulfilled. Finally, the agreement should be not violate the laws of the land. For example, it would be illegal to enter into an agreement of drug trafficking. Once these conditions have been fulfilled, the agreement becomes a contract that can be enforced by the court of law.2 As such, all contractual terms are either categorized as conditions or warranties Terms of contracts are promises or statements made by one person to another in order to encourage him to enter into a contract.3They comprise of duties and responsibilities of the parties to a contract. The terms may be express or implied. The parties themselves put down express terms, either in writing or verbally. In a written contract, any statement is an explicit term of the contract. An example is in Duffy & Ors v. Newcastle United Football Co. Ltd. (2000). The law from the actions or intentions of the parties infers implied terms of a contract. Shirlaw v Southern Foundries [1939] is a good example of a situation where terms of the contract were implied. In the case, the claimant was hired as a managing director for a term of ten years. Later the defendant altered the articles of association giving the company the power to remove directors. The firm fired the claimant before the end of his ten years contract. The court held that when signing the employment contract there was an assumption that the company would not remove the managing director from his position during the term of the contract. Another assumption was that the enterprise would not alter the articles of association to give it the right to fire the managing director. A condition is a term of a contract that goes to the root of the contract. Failure to honour a conditional term renders an agreement very different from the original one. Hence, conditions are the essential terms of a contract.4 Due to their

Manager's leading role Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Manager's leading role - Essay Example Thee in-turn encompa more pecific dutie which will be dicued later. Manager Cae-tudy:Buine Name - Playtec Pty LtdName - Matthew tewartAge - 29Phone No - *******Poition Held - General ManagerBuine ize - mall (approximately 20-employee)Buine Decription - Playtec Pty Ltd i a manufacturer of indoor oftplay equiptment, ditributed nationwide and occaionally overea. A a General Manager of a mall buine, Matthew' management role conit of interdependent-factor coordinated into an organied 'ytem' to allow efficient allocation of reource through well-planned adminitration, complimenting D.A Holt definition of "defining organizational objective and then articulating trategie, tactic and objective that are neceary to achieve thee objective." (Holt,-1987,-p.793). Thee are divided into the three main egment of reponibility, collectively known a the Mintzberg' Management role. Under Interperonal management role, Matthew i een a a 'figurehead' in playtec, ometime being referred to a the "heart'n'oul" of the company. Although not the buine owner, the role of a leader i one he ha aumed, taking-on the reponibility of planning and providing future growth under one' 'umbrella' of reponibility for operation and employee. Taking a large amount of reponibility for buine function, a well a the peronal well-being of it' employee, Matthew ucceed in the "getting-it-done" part of the management proce. Manager do thi by motivating people to accomplih the tak through coaching and praie. They alo make key deciion that enable tak to be completed (Robbin, Coulter, 2003 pg256). Taking peronal reponibility not only for buine function and operation, but of the peronal well-being and of it' employee, ha allowed Matthew to take-advantage of the maller buine tructure to connect with hi "underling" on a peronal level, motivating them through friendhip and loyalty, not only bringing employee to work in a poitive manner toward the buinee-goal, but allowing "empowered group a full reponibility to develop a project plan and carry out the tak within the plan within contraint from the enior group. Thee contraint can only include iue uch a budget, ize, weight etc. (Dale, E., 1978)A a liaion, Matthew excel, addreing the entire workplace a well a employee individually on matter both relating to workplace performance, evaluation and peronal matter. He alo liaie efficiently between the upper-level, or organiation-level of the buine, to the factory-floor many time a day to enure buine goal meet at every level, a well a co-coordinating (with the buine owner) the companie netw ork of upplier. He i attentive and "controlling" of the proper and efficient method of manufacturing, and often take on the role of training new peronnel, enuring quality-control of the final product and maintenance of the current 'buine-model'. Thi alo prevent employee taking "artitic-libertie" by cutting corner and changing et practice, following the cientific-management model

BUSINESS LAW(All contractual terms are either categorised as Essay

BUSINESS LAW(All contractual terms are either categorised as conditions or warranties. How true is this statement Discuss, with reference to case law. ) - Essay Example There ought to be a consideration that will pass hands once the promises of the contract have been fulfilled. Finally, the agreement should be not violate the laws of the land. For example, it would be illegal to enter into an agreement of drug trafficking. Once these conditions have been fulfilled, the agreement becomes a contract that can be enforced by the court of law.2 As such, all contractual terms are either categorized as conditions or warranties Terms of contracts are promises or statements made by one person to another in order to encourage him to enter into a contract.3They comprise of duties and responsibilities of the parties to a contract. The terms may be express or implied. The parties themselves put down express terms, either in writing or verbally. In a written contract, any statement is an explicit term of the contract. An example is in Duffy & Ors v. Newcastle United Football Co. Ltd. (2000). The law from the actions or intentions of the parties infers implied terms of a contract. Shirlaw v Southern Foundries [1939] is a good example of a situation where terms of the contract were implied. In the case, the claimant was hired as a managing director for a term of ten years. Later the defendant altered the articles of association giving the company the power to remove directors. The firm fired the claimant before the end of his ten years contract. The court held that when signing the employment contract there was an assumption that the company would not remove the managing director from his position during the term of the contract. Another assumption was that the enterprise would not alter the articles of association to give it the right to fire the managing director. A condition is a term of a contract that goes to the root of the contract. Failure to honour a conditional term renders an agreement very different from the original one. Hence, conditions are the essential terms of a contract.4 Due to their

Jane Austens Persuasion Essay Example for Free

Jane Austens Persuasion Essay Jane Austen is a successful classic romance novelist, one of her many novels is Persuasion, a novel that portrays love. She published six novels that all relate to the theme of love and marriage along with the consequences of making that important decision. While the novel Persuasion is romantically favourable, there are ideas presented about marriage that are not very appealing. The main story of the novel was the reunion of Anne and her shattered love with, Captain Wentworth. Though they were sincerely in love, the relationship was rejected by her father and Mrs. Russell from a financial and social class perspective. The ending of the story brings us to a beautiful happily ever after, where the engagement of Anne and Captain Wentworth takes place. The reunion of the couple, led to happiness for the two and that was all that concerned them. There are marriages however, that are quite uncooperatively performed. Some marriages usually serve the purpose of financial aid or social mobility for the significant other who is less fortunate, in this case it is usually the women. This is evident with Mrs. Clay and her desire to marry Sir Walter for wealth or Mr. Elliot and his desire to marry Anne to become baronet. Marriage in Regency England was used as a vehicle for many things (Pack 2012) . Hence, Jane Austen tells her perspective of women’s idea of why they should marry during that period of time. Overall, the ideas of marriage would be happiness; social class and wealth are what persuades most of the women into marrying in Regency England. â€Å"Why should the people be unhappy? Are there not landed gentry, country parsons, and even wealthy naval commanders for them to marry? Ruoff 2012)† For a successful marriage relationship involves the dedication and affection of both partners. During the course of the novel, the most successful and content relationship would be Anne Captain Wentworth. Though their relationship was unapproved and disregarded by the elders of the family, they both knew from time that they were meant for each other. Jane Austen uses Anne and Cap tain Wentworth as an example, contrary to the other marriages present in the novel to reveal her belief in the possibility of â€Å"good† marriages. The substantial ratio of love marriages to the others in the novel evidently conveys Jane Austen’s opinion on happy marriages; indicating that perhaps happiness in marriage is just a matter of chance. The love relationship with Anne Elliot and Captain Wentworth in the beginning was very strong; regardless of their separation it is still continued to be one. You pierce my soul. I am half agony, half hope. Tell me not that I am too late, that such precious feelings are gone forever. I offer myself to you again with a heart even more your own than when you almost broke it, eight and a half years ago. Dare not say that a man forgets sooner than woman, that his love has an earlier death. I have loved none but you. Unjust I may have been, weak and resentful I have been, but never inconstant. (Austen, page 177) When Captain Wentworth says this to Anne its describes his unconditional love towards Anne which is true, regardless of her breaking their engagement when Lady Russell discourages her from the engagement. He willingly stated the truth of his feelings which indicates the fact that he had loved nobody and thought of nobody other than Anne. In this novel Captain Wentworth was portrayed by Jane Austen as a character to show the value of men’s love. â€Å"What was most wrong to Jane Austen was to marry without at least affection if not love. Always ridiculed when young women and their mothers go into secure marriages more than love† (wit and wisdom of Jane Austen 2012). In all the novels that Jane Austen has written it showed how much of a believer she was in love marriages and how she regarded it as. Austen felt that love should be shown in all relationships within the partners. When the other reasons of marriage were looked upon it came back to the necessity of women. When looking at this argument however, men also have the equal standing and determinations regarding the decision of marriage. Throughout this story Austen points out and mocks the characters that chose to get married for security of themselves over happiness of their lives. For example, Mary was shown to be arrogant, complaining, and careless mother because she cared about social class more. Just as much as men showing their affections and happiness towards their partners, women also show the same amount of affection and happiness but in some cases women’s love towards their partner is greater than expected compared to men. If I loved a man as she loves the Admiral, I would always be with him, nothing should ever separate us, and I would rather be overturned by him, than driven safely by anybody else. (Austen, page 61). When Louisa says this line it portrays that another character who believed in love marriages. This quote points out the depths of a women’s love in Aus ten’s perspective, showing her understanding of love and how it should be seen. The effectiveness of this line proves that it is not easy for a woman to accept love and it’s just as important as any other decision that you could ever make in your life. Their union, she believed, could not divide her more from other men, than their final separation. (21. 2). When Anne says this quote it shows her unconditional love towards Captain Wentworth and that there will be no other man other than him to replace her love, it also shows that even after seven years she never stopped loving Captain Wentworth still regretting her actions. This proves that women take their love seriously and that it is very strong. â€Å"†¦ is the only man she can love †¦ she in sorrow and lose beauty and youth in unveiling regret† (Kavanagh 2012). This quote reveals the sorrow of a woman when she has to part from her partner, it uses imagery to better illustrate the feelings of a woman when she goes through this. It relates to Anne because this is how she felt when she had to break the engagement between her and Captain Wentworth; and how much she regretted making that decision. Marriage is an important factor when it came to women especially when it either helps elevate their social status or bring it down. Throughout the story, Austen mainly portrays the significance of social ranking in society marriages. She pictured out which couples were more successful in the marriages, for example, the Crofts whom were well matched when it came to social status. Most of the women in this novel are put out as wanting to marry for high position in social rank. One of the marriages was Mary, it helps the purpose of marriage but it does not show the real meaning of marriage. â€Å"He thought it a very degrading alliance† (Austen, page 18). At the end of the novel, Anne and Wentworth are united but in the beginning they were disapproved especially by Sir Walter because Wentworth had no social ranking. Particularly, to the people of higher ranks, social class was tremendously important regardless of what the situation might be. No matter what the circumstance was, one does not marry below their own class. Looking at Anne’s perspective, her being a Baronet’s daughter could not marry Wentworth who was not of social rank or it was frowned upon in society and brought disgrace to the family. Westgate Buildings! said he, and who is Miss Anne Elliot to be visiting in Westgate Buildings? A Mrs Smith. A widow Mrs Smith; and who was her husband? One of five thousand Mr Smiths whose names are to be met with everywhere. And what is her attraction? That she is old and sickly. Upon my word, Miss Anne Elliot, you have the most extraordinary taste! Everything that revolts other people, low company, paltry rooms, foul air, disgusting associations are inviting to you. But surely you may put off this old lady till to-morrow: she is not so near her end, I presume, but that she may hope to see another day. ( Austen, page 14). The usage of this quote reminds Austen’s audience the consequence of marrying of low class. Since Mrs. Smith married someone of a low class she was frowned upon those who were above her like Sir Walter. â€Å"Jane Austen’s novels do affirm the value of a social order is undeniable† (Ruoff 2012). When Jane Austen wrote her novels she was extremely careful about how social class worked in marriages and the importance it gave even for the smallest issues, social class was almost a question of life or death. Marriage was undisputable. Women needed to find a husband with a high status to maintain personal status. Mary had merely connected herself with an old country family of respectability and large fortune, and had therefore given all the honour (chap 1 page 3). Mary like her father was very concerned about her personal statues and chose to get married to a wealthy and respected family. Since she was married into a family like that she was given all the honour and respect automatically regardless of what she was before. Here Austen shows that marriage in Mary’s case was to upgrade her social ranking and it shows the relationship of Mary and Charles is rather unstable and nor do they love each other. Marriage here was shown as a social mobility. â€Å"†¦by her pride, the Elliot pride† (Austen, pages 65). When Louisa said this, a believer of love marriages, suggested the pride that she had towards her husband, his family and herself. Mary is completely proud of her married life because as Baron’s daughter she held up the pride of the Elliot’s name and married into a respectful family. Even though she does not lead a happy life, she is fulfilled with the position that she has in society from the marriage she had. Jane thought the worst case scenario of a woman is not able to find a husband in her own social class and whose family cannot support her (wit and wisdom of Jane Austen 2012). Even though Jane Austen was a believer of love marriages at heart she also understood that a woman without social rank or a husband without a social rank won’t have a bright future. Especially when the woman’s family won’t support her in any way. Respect and Pride was two words that if in any case it was taken away; it is almost as life or death in most women’s lives. Mary acquired importance after becoming Mrs. Charles Musgrove; but Anne, with an elegance of mind and sweetness of character †¦ was nobody: her word had no weight†. Anne’s characteristic was portrayed as sweet, wittier and overall a better person compared to her sister Mary. However, she was barely respected or seen as a member in the family. Mary’s characteristic was portrayed as a horrible mot her, arrogant and just obnoxious and yet people respected her and treated her like an equal part of the family. Mary, being married into a wealthy and high social ranked family, secured her position as high in the social circle. Still, focusing on appearance and rank as he inserts Captain Wentworth’s name in the Baronetage. He has not changed at all (Adamson 2012). Sir Walter dismissed Captain Wentworth as a potential husband for Anne because he had no title or wealth but now Wentworth is respected by Sir Walter since Wentworth has acquired a fortune putting him stable and rich and qualified to be respected as one in the high society. This will help Anne gain everybody’s respect when she becomes dependent on Captain Wentworth and will lead a wealthy life. Throughout the past, marriages were frequently seen as a contract to protect the welfare of the family’s statues and finance, especially amongst the mist of local nobility and landlord gentlemen which is always pointed out and focused on in all her novels. Marriage was a tool and excuse to become wealthy and respected. Vastly women took the upper hand and advantage when considering marriage especially if it allows their lives to be prosperous. They are not mainly to be blamed because they have no choice, they were not educated or had the right to their parent’s wealth, marriage was the only other option for them to avoid the gutters and live royalty. Since women had no education like the men, women had no means or opportunities to make money to live their own life of their choosing. â€Å"Education has been theirs in so much higher a degree; the pen has been in their hands. † (Austen, page 172). This quote states that education was not something woman were able to grasp at all, it was given to the men at a high degree and even if women were given education and it was just to read and write a little and that was it. In today’s world the more education you had, the better the career. However, back then, women were unfortunate as the quote suggests â€Å"The pen has been in their hands. † â€Å"Men always had the upper hand and the means of living compared to the women, â€Å"You have always a profession, pursuits, business of some sort or other, to take you back into the world immediately, and continual occupation and change soon weaken impressions. (Austen, page 173. ) When Anne says this line it bluntly says the situation of women and how they can’t have a job to rely on or anything else like the men because they have no education and mostly women were not allowed to even work in England. They were expected to stay home and look after the house and the children. Hence women relying on making good marriages financial wise in order to live happily. Women in the upper classes had the leisure to educate themselves; however, they, like their counterparts in the lower classes, were not expected to think for themselves and were not often listened to when they did. Jane Austens novels both reflect and challenge the periods attitudes toward women (Smith 2012). In Jane Austen’s novels, Austen was able to portray the struggles of uneducated people in that time period. The lower class women had no education at all compared to the high class ladies so their words were not considered anywhere. While the high class ladies at least were able to read and write somewhat and because of their positions in society it was easier for higher class ladies to express themselves. Regardless, of whether a family had a daughter, as the oldest child, the parent’s wealth always ended to the closet male family member and the daughter has nothing. â€Å"She had, while a very young girl, as soon as she had known him to be, in the event of her having no brother, the future baronet, meant to marry him. † (Austen, page 4). In England back in the time, had the law where the property and wealth of the family will go to the son who will be the next in line to take responsibilities of the household. Sir Walter has no heir; son, hence, putting his nephew William Walter Elliot, cousin of Elizabeth and her sisters next in line to the Baronet title. Elizabeth knowing this well enough decided to get married to him at such a young age to gain respect and wealth, proving that women have no choice regarding the family’s wealth it never went to the daughters. Hence, forcing them to marry for just wealth and prestige. â€Å"The gentlemen, the head of the house, like you father† (Austen, page 8). Ideally the head of the house back in the time and even now the men were the head of house. Austen uses a little dryness in this quote because women were in charge of looking after the house like cooking and cleaning and they were considered as â€Å"head of the house†. However, this quote says men to be the head of the house. This shows the reality of a woman’s life and goes to prove that women had limited to no opportunity regarding credit and job opportunities. Therefore, pushing forth with women using marriage has a tool to get the hold of respect and money. She realised that it was necessary for women to marry in order to avoid poverty (Gill and Gregory, 2003).